By Eric B. Meyer
Last week, the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission made headlines by filing its first lawsuits against private-sector businesses challenging sexual orientation discrimination as sex discrimination.
Meanwhile, yesterday, another federal court in Christiansen v. Omnicom Group, Inc. concluded just the opposite: sexual orientation discrimination is “reprehensible,” but does not violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The Christiansen case was decided in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (i.e., New York City). The South District is part of the New York City-based Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. And, why does that matter? Well, in Simonton v. Runyon, the Second Circuit unequivocally held that,
Title VII does not proscribe discrimination because of sexual orientation.”
(Although the Second Circuit did distinguish discrimination targeting sexual orientation and cases involving claims of discrimination based upon nonconformity with sexual stereotypes. The latter is unlawful).
So, the Christiansen Court concluded that it was “constrained to find that Plaintiff has not stated a cognizable claim for Title VII discrimination.”
Underscoring the “significant changes” in the “broader legal landscape” (e.g., the 2013 Supreme Court decision in U.S. v. Windsor striking down the Defense of Marriage Act, and the 2015 Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, which gave same-sex couples the right to marry), the lower court identified “a shift in the perception, both of society and of the courts, regarding the protections warranted for same-sex relationships and the men and women who engage in them.”
The Court then underscored the EEOC’s position on sexual orientation discrimination:
It is against this backdrop that in July 2015 the EEOC issued a decision, binding on federal agencies (though not federal courts), finding that claims for sexual orientation discrimination are cognizable under Title VII.
And discussed how claims of sexual orientation discrimination are often based on unlawful sex stereotyping:
Numerous cases have demonstrated the difficulty of disaggregating acts of discrimination based on sexual orientation from those based on sexual stereotyping. This is for the simple reason that stereotypical notions about how men and women should behave will often necessarily blur into ideas about heterosexuality and homosexuality. This difficulty comes as no surprise, for, as the EEOC stated in its July 2015 decision, “sexual orientation is inherently a ‘sex-based consideration,’ and an allegation of discrimination based on sexual orientation is necessarily an allegation of sex discrimination under Title VII.”
Then, it offered an example to illustrate “the futility of treating sexual orientation discrimination as separate from sex-based considerations”:
If an employer fires her female employee because the employer believes that women should defer to men, but the employee sometimes challenges her male colleagues, such action would present a cognizable claim under Title VII. If the same employer fires her female employee because the employer believes that women should date men, but the employee only dates women, the prevailing construction of Title VII would find no cognizable claim under that statute. The inevitable result of holding that some sexual stereotypes give rise to cognizable Title VII claims, while others — namely, those involving sexual orientation — do not, has been an invitation to the precise bootstrapping that the Simonton Court intended to avoid.”
The lesson imparted by the body of Title VII litigation concerning sexual orientation discrimination and sexual stereotyping seems to be that no coherent line can be drawn between these two sorts of claims.
Yep. The plaintiff has already filed a notice of appeal.
The Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals will begin to revisit the issue of sexual orientation discrimination under Title VII later this year.
This was originally published on Eric B. Meyer’s blog, The Employer Handbook.
